Regulatory Developments in the Gig Economy: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21512/tw.v21i2.6758Keywords:
regulatory development, gig economy, Snyder literature reviewAbstract
The emergence of the gig economy and its rapid growth was anticipated to play a big part in its economy. Despite the enormous benefits, the gig economy business model had also attracted numerous issues in many countries and regions. The research utilized a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology by Snyder for analyzing regulation issues in the gig economy, which was divided into six steps, those were defining the central question, determining databases, using search string to find relevant keywords, extracting data, filtering data, and analyzing the findings to answer to the main question. The SLR results show licensing and misclassifications are the most dominant factors in gig economy, while regulatory issues such as safety, tax, externalities, wage, benefit, privacy, and discrimination area are other factors in it. The most popular platform types that attract regulators are work on demand, asset rental, and crowd-work.
Plum Analytics
References
Armitage, A. & Cordova, A. K. (2017, August 23). Design-thinking: The answer to the impasse between innovation and regulation. UC Hastings Research Paper No. 250, SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3024176
Belk, R. (2014). You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1595-1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.001.
Belk, R., Eckhardt, G., Bardhi, F., & Mikołajewska-Zając, K. (2019). The rhetoric of sharing: Managerial literature on the sharing economy. Handbook of the Sharing Economy, October 2019, 362-374. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788110549.00039.
Berger, L., Guo, L., & King, T. (2020). Selfish sharing? The impact of the sharing economy on tax reporting honesty. Journal of Business Ethics, 167(4), 181-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04409-z.
Berke, D. (2016). Products liability in the sharing economy. Yale Journal on Regulation, 33(2), 603-653. http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2012/03/relayrides.
Bernhardt, A. (2014). IRLE labor standards and the reorganization of work: Gaps in data and research labor standards and the reorganization of work: Gaps in data and research. IRLE Working Paper No. 100-114. https://escholarship.org/content/qt3hc6t3d5/qt3hc6t3d5.pdf.
Bernick, M. (2019, 12 February). The gig economy rapidly evolves. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelbernick/2019/02/12/the-gig-economy-rapidly-evolves/#20775d6664bb.
Bhuiyan, J. (2018, 05 January). Uber powered four billion rides in 2017. It wants to do more—and cheaper—in 2018. Recode. https://www.vox.com/2018/1/5/16854714/uber-four-billion-rides-coo-barney-harford-2018-cut-costs-customer-service.
Bogage, J. (2016). How much Uber drivers actually make per hour. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/06/27/how-much-uber-drivers-actually-make-per-hour/.
Brinkley, I. (2016). In Search of the Gig Economy. London: The Work Foundation.
Campbell, I. & Peeters, M. (2008). Low pay, compressed schedules and high work intensity: A study of contract cleaners in Australia. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 11(1), 27-46. https://econpapers.repec.org/article/ozljournl/v_3a11_3ay_3a2008_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a27-46.htm.
Chalmers, D. & Matthews, R. (2019). Good to be bad: Should we be worried by the sharing economy? Strategic Change, 28(6), 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2295.
Cherry, M. A. (2016). Beyond misclassification: The digital transformation of work. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal. Forthcoming, Saint Louis U. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-2. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2734288
Cherry, M. A. & Aloisi, A. (2016). ‘Dependent contractors’ in the Gig economy: A comparative approach. 66 American Univ. L. Rev. 635. Saint Louis U. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-15. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2847869.
Childerhouse, P. & Towill, D. R. (2003). Simplified material flow holds the key to supply chain integration. Omega, 31(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(02)00062-2.
Codagnone, C., Karatzogianni, A., & Matthews, J. (2018). Rhetoric, reality, impacts and regulation in labour intermediation platforms. Platform Economics: Rhetoric and Reality in the ‘Sharing Economy’, pp. 35-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-809-520181002.
Codagnone, C., & Martens, B. (2016). Scoping the sharing economy: Origins, definitions, impact and regulatory issues. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Digital Economy Working Paper 2016/01. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2783662.
Constantiou, I., Marton, A., & Tuunainen, V. K. (2017). Four models of sharing economy platforms. MIS Quarterly Executive, 16(4), 236-251. https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/four-models-of-sharing-economy-platforms.
Council of Logistic Management. (2006). What its all about. In P. M. Swamidass (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Production and Manufacturing Management (pp. 134–135). US: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0612-8_194.
Coyle, D., & Yeung, T. Y-C. (2017). Understanding AirBnB in fourteen European cities. The Jean-Jacques Laffont DIGITAL CHAIR. Working Papers. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy-Yu-Cheong-Yeung/publication/333021103_Understanding_AirBnB_in_Fourteen_European_Cities/links/5cd6c003299bf14d9589eded/Understanding-AirBnB-in-Fourteen-European-Cities.pdf.
Cunningham-Parmeter, K. (2016). From Amazon to Uber: Defining employment in the modern economy. Boston University Law Review, 96(5), 1673-1728. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2761577.
Dalzell, T., & Victor, T. (2012). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. London: Routledge.
Dazzi, D. (2019). Gig economy in Europe. Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 12(2), 67-122. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1561-8048/9925.
De Groen, W. P. & Maselli, I. (2016). The impact of the collaborative economy on the labour market. CEPS Special Report No. 138. https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SR138CollaborativeEconomy_0.pdf.
De Stefano, V. (2016). The rise of the just-in-time workforce: On-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the gig-economy. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal,. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37(3), 471-504. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305163826_The_Rise_of_the_Just-in-Time_Workforce_On-Demand_Work_Crowdwork_and_Labor_Protection_in_the_Gig_Economy.
Dudley, G., Banister, D., & Schwanen, T. (2017). The rise of Uber and regulating the disruptive innovator. Political Quarterly, 88(3), 492-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12373.
Edelman, B. G. & Luca, M. (2014, 10 January). Digital discrimination: The case of Airbnb.com. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2377353.
Einav, L., Farronato, C., & Levin, J. (2016). Peer-to-peer markets. Annual Review of Economics, 8(1), 615-635. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015334.
Estlund, C. (2018). What should we do after work? Automation and employment law. Yale Law Journal, 128(2), 254-326. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3007972.
Etzioni, A. (2018). Benefits for gig workers. Challenge, 61(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2018.1477475.
Foote, D. A. & Folta, T. B. (2002). Temporary workers as real options. Human Resource Management Review, 12(4), 579-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00069-4.
Frenken, K., van Waes, A., Pelzer, P., Smink, M., & van Est, R. (2019). Safeguarding public interests in the platform economy. Policy and Internet, 12(3), 400-425. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.217.
Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without employers: Shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2(2), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2014.02.03.
Gereffi, G. (2011). Global value chains and international competition. The Antitrust Bulletin, 56(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003603X1105600104.
Goodwin, M., & Maconachie, G. (2011). Minimum labour standards enforcement in Australia: Caught in the crossfire? Economic and Labour Relations Review, 22(2), 55-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/103530461102200204.
Graham, M., & Shaw, J. (2017). Towards a Fairer Gig Economy. London: Meatspace Press.
Holley, S. (2014). The monitoring and enforcement of labour standards when services are contracted out. Journal of Industrial Relations, 56(5), 672-690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185614523277.
Hyman, L. (2018). Temp: How American Work, American Business, and the American Dream Became Temporary. New York: Viking.
Irani, L. (2015, 16 January). Justice for “data janitors”. Public Books. https://www.publicbooks.org/justice-for-data-janitors/
Jäger, G., Zilian, L. S., Hofer, C., & Füllsack, M. (2019). Crowdworking: Working with or against the crowd? Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 14(4), 761-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-019-00266-1.
James, P. (2014). Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315765747.
Jiang, H. & Zhang, X. (2019). An experimental model of regulating the sharing economy in China: The case of online car hailing. Computer Law & Security Review, 35(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2018.12.008.
Jones, D. (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaine, S. & Josserand, E. (2019). The organisation and experience of work in the gig economy. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 479-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185619865480.
Kalleberg, A. & Dunn, M. (2016). Good jobs, bad jobs in the gig economy. Perspectives on Work, 10-14. http://lerachapters.org/OJS/ojs-2.4.4-1/index.php/PFL/article/viewFile/3112/3087.
Kaplan, R. A., & Nadler, M. L. (2015). Airbnb: A case study in occupancy regulation and taxation. University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue, 82. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/uchidial82&id=103&div=&collection=
Kennedy, J. V. (2016, 18 April). Three paths to update labor law for the Gig economy. Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. https://itif.org/publications/2016/04/18/three-paths-update-labor-law-gig-economy.
Khumalo, B. (2012). Defining economics in the twenty first century. International Advances in Economic Research, 18(1), 128-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-011-9327-y.
Koutsimpogiorgos, N, van Slageren, J., Herrmann, A., & Frenken, K. (2019). Conceptualizing the Gig economy and its regulatory problems. Policy & Internet, 12(4), 525-545. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.237.
Kuhn, K. M. & Maleki, A. (2017). Micro-entrepreneurs, dependent contractors, and instaserfs: Understanding online labor platform workforces. Academy of Management Perspectives, 31(3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2015.0111.
Lepanjuuri, K., Wishart, R., & Cornick, P. (2018). The Characteristics of Those in the Gig Economy. London: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/451902.
Li, S., Tavafoghi, H., Poolla, K., & Varaiya, P. (2019). Regulating TNCs: Should Uber and Lyft set their own rules? Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 129, 193-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2019.09.008.
Li, Y., & Ma, L. (2019). What drives the governance of ride-sharing? A fuzzy-set QCA of local regulations in China. Policy Sciences, 52(4), 601-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-019-09359-x.
Lima, V. (2019). Towards an understanding of the regional impact of Airbnb in Ireland. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 6(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2018.1562366.
Liu, J. (2019, August 31). Companies that pay gig workers the most, from Airbnb to Costco. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/31/companies-that-pay-gig-workers-the-most-from-airbnb-to-costco.html.
Ljungholm, D. P. (2018). Employee–employer relationships in the gig economy: Harmonizing and consolidating labor regulations and safety nets. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 10(1), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.22381/CRLSJ10120188.
Lloyd, A. (2017). Uber worked and underpaid: How workers are disrupting the digital economy. Information, Communication & Society, 20(12), 1799-1801. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2017.1340972
Lund, S. & Tyson, L. (2018, May/June). Globalization is not in retreat: Digital technology and the future of trade. Foreign Affairs. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora97&id=554&div=&collection=
Marshall, A. (2013). Principles of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137375261.
McKee, D. (2017). The platform economy: Natural, neutral, consensual and efficient? Transnational Legal Theory, 8(4), 455-495. https://doi.org/10.1080/20414005.2017.1416516.
Manyika, J., Lund, S., Bughin, J., Robinson, K. Mischke, J., & Mahajan, D. (2016). Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy. McKinsey & Company. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicru/ndl025.
Mentzer, J. T. (2004). Fundamentals of Supply Chain Management: Twelve Drivers of Competitive Advantage. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Minifie, J. (2016, 13 April). Peer-to-peer pressure policy for the sharing economy. Grattan Institute. https://grattan.edu.au/report/peer-to-peer/.
Minter, K. (2017). Negotiating labour standards in the gig economy: Airtasker and Unions New South Wales. Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 438-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617724305.
Munkøe, M. M. (2017). Regulating the European sharing economy: State of play and challenges. Intereconomics, 52(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-017-0641-3.
Newcomer, E. (2020, 25 March). Uber and Airbnb lobby for Gig worker bailout. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-25/uber-and-airbnb-lobby-for-gig-worker-bailout.
Nurvala, J.-P. (2015). ‘Uberisation’ is the future of the digitalised labour market. European View, 14(2), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-015-0378-y.
Oei, S.-Y. (2018). The trouble with gig talk: Choice of narrative and the worker classification fights. Law and Contemporary Problems, 81(3), 107-136. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol81/iss3/6/.
Oei, S.-Y. & Ring, D. M. (2019). The tax lives of Uber drivers: Evidence from internet discussion forums. Columbia Journal of Tax Law, 8(2), 56-112. https://doi.org/10.7916/cjtl.v8i2.2842.
Parigi, P., & Ma, X. (2016). The gig economy. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 23(2), 38-41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3013496.
Park, M. (2019). The sharing economy, regulations, and the role of local government. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(1), 158-174. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2019-0122.
Pawlicz, A. (2019). Pros and cons of sharing economy regulation. Implications for sustainable city logistics. Transportation Research Procedia, 39, 398-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.06.042
Pelzer, P., Frenken, K., & Boon, W. (2019). Institutional entrepreneurship in the platform economy: How Uber tried (and failed) to change the Dutch taxi law. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 33, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.02.003.
Pettersen, L. (2017). Rating mechanisms among participants in sharing economy platforms. First Monday, 22(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i12.7908.
PwC. (2015). Sharing or Paring? Growth of the Sharing Economy. https://www.pwc.com/hu/en/kiadvanyok/assets/pdf/sharing-economy-en.pdf.
Ravenelle, A. J. (2019). Hustle and Gig (1st Ed.). California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcwp0kc.
Risak, M. & Prassl, J. (2016). Uber, TaskRabbit and Co: Platforms as employers? Rethinking the legal analysis of crowdwork. Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 37(3), 619-652. http://www.labourlawresearch.net/sites/default/files/papers/15FEB%20Prassl_Risak%20Crowdwork%20Employer%20post%20review%20copy.pdf.
Rogers, B. (2015). Employment as a legal concept. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2641305.
Samuelson, P. A. (1997). Study Guide to Accompany Economics (16th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill College.
Schor, J. (2014, October). Debating the sharing economy. Great Transition. https://greattransition.org/publication/debating-the-sharing-economy.
Schor, J. (2018). Dependency and Precarity in the Sharing Economy. Sefton-Williams Memorial Lecture, Boston College. https://cirhr.library.utoronto.ca/sites/cirhr-edit.library.utoronto.ca/files/sefton_lectures/seftonwilliamslecture_4th_2018_schor.pdf.
Schwellnus, C., Geva, A., Pak, M., & Veiel, R. (2019). Gig economy platforms: Boon or bane? In Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Department Working Paper 1550, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1787/fdb0570b-en.
Shukla, R. K., Garg, D., & Agarwal, A. (2011). Understanding of supply chain. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), 3(3), 2059-2072. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50946316_UNDERSTANDING_OF_SUPPLY_CHAIN_A_LITERATURE_REVIEW.
Sinclair, M. (2016). Fair and efficient regulation of the sharing economy. Economic Affairs, 36(2), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12179.
Slee, T. (2017). What’s Yours is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1bkm65n.
Snider, L. (2018). Enabling exploitation: Law in the gig economy. Critical Criminology, 26(4), 563-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-9416-9
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039.
Stanford, J. (2017). The resurgence of gig work: Historical and theoretical perspectives. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 382-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617724303.
Stewart, A. & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options? Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420-437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617722461.
Sundararajan, A. (2014, 14 January). Peer-to-peer businesses and the sharing (collaborative) economy: Overview, economic effects and regulatory issues. In The Power of Connection: Peer-to-Peer Businesses. https://docs.house.gov/meetings/SM/SM00/20140115/101613/HHRG-113-SM00-20140115-SD003-U1.pdf.
Tan, K. H., Denton, P., Rae, R., & Chung, L. (2013). Managing lean capabilities through flexible workforce development: A process and framework. Production Planning and Control, 24(12), 1066-1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2011.646013.
Veen, A., Kaine, S., Goods, C., & Barratt, T. (2020). The ‘gigification’ of work in the 21st Century. In P. Holland & C. Brewster (Eds.), Contemporary Work and the Future of Employment in Developed Countries (pp. 15-32). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351034906-2.
Wahyuningtyas, S. Y. (2019). Self-regulation of online platform and competition policy challenges: A case study on Go-Jek. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 20(1), 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1783591719834864.
Wegmann, J., & Jiao, J. (2017). Taming Airbnb: Toward guiding principles for local regulation of urban vacation rentals based on empirical results from five US cities. Land Use Policy, 69, 494-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.025.
Wiener, M., Cram, A., & Benlian, A. (2019). Technology-mediated control legitimacy in the gig economy: Conceptualization and nomological network. In R. Hirschheim, A. Heinzl, & J. Dibbern (Eds.), Information Systems Outsourcing: The Era of Digital Transformation (5th Ed.). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45819-5_16.
Williams, C. C. & Horodnic, I. A. (2017). Regulating the sharing economy to prevent the growth of the informal sector in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(9), 2261-2278. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0431.
Yaraghi, N. & Ravi, S. (2017, 17 March). The current and future state of the sharing economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3041207
Yuana, S. L., Sengers, F., Boon, W., & Raven, R. (2019). Framing the sharing economy: A media analysis of ride-sharing platforms in Indonesia and the Philippines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 1154-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.073.
Zhang, C. (2019). China’s new regulatory regime tailored for the sharing economy: The case of Uber under Chinese local government regulation in comparison to the EU, US, and the UK. Computer Law & Security Review, 35(4), 462-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2019.03.004.
Zhang, N. & Kien, S. S. (2019). Understanding the legitimacy challenges for sharing economy disruptors: A topic modeling approach. 40th International Conference on Information Systems, ICIS 2019, 1. https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2019/business_models/business_models/16/.
Zutshi, A., & Grilo, A. (2019). The emergence of digital platforms: A conceptual platform architecture and impact on industrial engineering. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 136, 546-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.027.
Zwick, A. (2018). Welcome to the gig economy: Neoliberal industrial relations and the case of Uber. GeoJournal, 83(4), 679-691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9793-8.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Victory Haris Kusuma Wardhana, Maria Grace Herlina, Sugiharto Bangsawan, Michael Aaron Tuori Tuori
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License - Share Alike that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
USER RIGHTS
All articles published Open Access will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download. We are continuously working with our author communities to select the best choice of license options, currently being defined for this journal as follows: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC BY-SA)
