Predicting Preference with Sparse Data in Personalized Gamification via Deep Learning
Main Article Content
Abstract
Personalized gamification is a practice that is relatively well defined and improves the effectiveness of a gamified system. However, in practical application the improvement is not as significant as expected. The process of personalizing a gamified system is taxing and relatively unfeasible, with far too many aspects to consider to produce an effective result. Artificial intelligence, and neural networks, can step in to alleviate much of the work, but even still results are inconsistent at best. This project seeks to remove this inconsistency by attempting to personalize only one aspect of a gamified system, rather than the entire system as a whole. By attempting the personalization problem in this manner the amount of individual characteristics to consider is reduced dramatically, thus allowing for a neural network to more quickly and accurately determine personalization characteristics and apply them for any given user. Results show that an RNN can detect preference patterns and apply user preferences to a scheduling system. These results were produced with little run time and a more sparse dataset than normally expected for a neural network, which showcases the novel fact that detecting user preference does not require large datasets.
Plum Analytics
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The author(s) assign to JGGAG licence to use this document for personal use and in courses of instruction provided that the article is used in full and this copyright statement is reproduced. The authors also grant a non-exclusive licence to JGGAG to publish this document in full on the World Wide Web within the JGGAG website. Any other usage is prohibited without the express permission of the author(s).
References
[1] B. Morschheuser, J. Hamari, and A. Maedche, “Cooperation or competition – When do people contribute more? A field experiment on gamification of crowdsourcing,” Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., vol. 127, pp. 7–24, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.10.001.
[2] A. Rapp, F. Hopfgartner, J. Hamari, C. Linehan, and F. Cena, “Strengthening gamification studies: Current trends and future opportunities of gamification research,” Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., vol. 127, pp. 1–6, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.11.007.
[3] R. Van Roy and B. Zaman, “Unravelling the ambivalent motivational power of gamification: A basic psychological needs perspective,” Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., vol. 127, pp. 38–50, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.04.009.
[4] F. Faiella and M. Ricciardi, “Gamification and learning: a review of issues and research,” J. E-Learn. Knowl. Soc., vol. 11, no. 3, Sep. 2015, Accessed: Nov. 19, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.learntechlib.org/p/151920/
[5] D. Ašeriškis and R. Damaševičius, “Gamification Patterns for Gamification Applications,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 39, pp. 83–90, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2014.11.013.
[6] M. Passalacqua, P. D. Sylvain Senecal, M. Fredette, L. Nacke, R. Pellerin, and P.-M. Leger, “Should Gamification be Personalized? A Self-deterministic Approach,” AIS Trans. Hum.-Comput. Interact., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265–286, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.17705/1thci.00150.
[7] A. Khakpour and R. Colomo-Palacios, “Convergence of Gamification and Machine Learning: A Systematic Literature Review,” Technol. Knowl. Learn., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 597–636, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10758-020-09456-4.
[8] A. Knutas, R. van Roy, T. Hynninen, M. Granato, J. Kasurinen, and J. Ikonen, “A process for designing algorithm-based personalized gamification,” Multimed. Tools Appl., vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 13593–13612, May 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11042-018-6913-5.
[9] University of Osnabrück et al., “Adaptive and Personalized Gamification Designs: Call for Action and Future Research,” AIS Trans. Hum.-Comput. Interact., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 479–494, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.17705/1thci.00158.
[10] R. Khoshkangini, G. Valetto, A. Marconi, and M. Pistore, “Automatic generation and recommendation of personalized challenges for gamification,” User Model. User-Adapt. Interact., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1–34, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11257-019-09255-2.
[11] E. Nasirzadeh and M. Fathian, “Investigating the effect of gamification elements on bank customers to personalize gamified systems,” Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., vol. 143, p. 102469, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102469.
[12] G. F. Tondello, R. Orji, and L. E. Nacke, “Recommender Systems for Personalized Gamification,” in Adjunct Publication of the 25th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, Bratislava Slovakia: ACM, Jul. 2017, pp. 425–430. doi: 10.1145/3099023.3099114.
[13] I. Rodríguez, A. Puig, and À. Rodríguez, “Towards Adaptive Gamification: A Method Using Dynamic Player Profile and a Case Study,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12010486.
[14] F. Rozi, Y. Rosmansyah, and B. Dabarsyah, “A Systematic Literature Review on Adaptive Gamification: Components, Methods, and Frameworks,” in 2019 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI), Jul. 2019, pp. 187–190. doi: 10.1109/ICEEI47359.2019.8988857.
[15] S. Suresh Babu and A. Dhakshina Moorthy, “Application of artificial intelligence in adaptation of gamification in education: A literature review,” Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ., vol. 32, no. 1, p. e22683, 2024, doi: 10.1002/cae.22683.
[16] W. S. Sayed et al., “AI-based adaptive personalized content presentation and exercises navigation for an effective and engaging E-learning platform,” Multimed. Tools Appl., vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 3303–3333, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11042-022-13076-8.
[17] V. Bellotti, B. Dalal, N. Good, P. Flynn, D. G. Bobrow, and N. Ducheneaut, “What a to-do: studies of task management towards the design of a personal task list manager,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vienna Austria: ACM, Apr. 2004, pp. 735–742. doi: 10.1145/985692.985785.
[18] L. R. Fournier, E. Coder, C. Kogan, N. Raghunath, E. Taddese, and D. A. Rosenbaum, “Which task will we choose first? Precrastination and cognitive load in task ordering,” Atten. Percept. Psychophys., vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 489–503, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.3758/s13414-018-1633-5.
[19] Y. Gil, V. Ratnakar, T. Chklovski, P. Groth, and D. Vrandecic, “Capturing Common Knowledge about Tasks: Intelligent Assistance for To-Do Lists,” ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1–35, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1145/2362394.2362397.
[20] A. Shrestha and A. Mahmood, “Review of Deep Learning Algorithms and Architectures,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 53040–53065, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912200.
[21] D. J. Montana, L. Davis, and M. St, “Training Feedforward Neural Networks Using Genetic Algorithms”.
[22] X. Glorot and Y. Bengio, “Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks,” in Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings, Mar. 2010, pp. 249–256. Accessed: Jan. 31, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a.html
[23] S. Grossberg, “Recurrent Neural Networks,” Scholarpedia, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 1888, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.1888.
[24] H. Salehinejad, S. Sankar, J. Barfett, E. Colak, and S. Valaee, “Recent Advances in Recurrent Neural Networks,” Feb. 22, 2018, arXiv: arXiv:1801.01078. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01078
[25] J. Collins, J. Sohl-Dickstein, and D. Sussillo, “Capacity and Trainability in Recurrent Neural Networks,” Mar. 03, 2017, arXiv: arXiv:1611.09913. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1611.09913.
[26] C. Blum and K. Socha, “Training feed-forward neural networks with ant colony optimization: an application to pattern classification,” in Fifth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS’05), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IEEE, 2005, p. 6 pp. doi: 10.1109/ICHIS.2005.104.
[27] R. Kocjančič and J. Zupan, “Application of a Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network as a Mapping Device,” J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 985–989, Nov. 1997, doi: 10.1021/ci970223h.
[28] A. Y. Shamseldin, A. E. Nasr, and K. M. O’Connor, “Comparison of different forms of the Multi-layer Feed-Forward Neural Network method used for river flow forecasting,” Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 671–684, Aug. 2002, doi: 10.5194/hess-6-671-2002.
[29] G. Bebis and M. Georgiopoulos, “Feed-forward neural networks,” IEEE Potentials, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 27–31, Oct. 1994, doi: 10.1109/45.329294.
[30] F. Li, S. Lang, B. Hong, and T. Reggelin, “A two-stage RNN-based deep reinforcement learning approach for solving the parallel machine scheduling problem with due dates and family setups,” J. Intell. Manuf., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1107–1140, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10845-023-02094-4.
[31] S. Liu, C. Zhang, and Y. Chen, “Scheduling Optimization of real-time IOT system based on RNN,” in 2020 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Human-Computer Interaction (ICHCI), Dec. 2020, pp. 249–253. doi: 10.1109/ICHCI51889.2020.00061.
[32] S. Bengio, O. Vinyals, N. Jaitly, and N. Shazeer, “Scheduled Sampling for Sequence Prediction with Recurrent Neural Networks,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Curran Associates, Inc., 2015. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2015/hash/e995f98d56967d946471af29d7bf99f1-Abstract.html
[33] K. Kamijo and T. Tanigawa, “Stock price pattern recognition-a recurrent neural network approach,” in 1990 IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, San Diego, CA, USA: IEEE, 1990, pp. 215–221 vol.1. doi: 10.1109/IJCNN.1990.137572.
[34] R. Pascanu, C. Gulcehre, K. Cho, and Y. Bengio, “How to Construct Deep Recurrent Neural Networks,” Apr. 24, 2014, arXiv: arXiv:1312.6026. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6026
[35] R. M. Schmidt, “Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): A gentle Introduction and Overview,” Nov. 23, 2019, arXiv: arXiv:1912.05911. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1912.05911.
[36] R. Eldan and O. Shamir, “The Power of Depth for Feedforward Neural Networks”.
[37] A. Arisha, P. Young, and M. E. Baradie, “Job Shop Scheduling Problem: an Overview”.
[38] J. Zhang, G. Ding, Y. Zou, S. Qin, and J. Fu, “Review of job shop scheduling research and its new perspectives under Industry 4.0,” J. Intell. Manuf., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1809–1830, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10845-017-1350-2.
[39] D. J. Hoitomt, P. B. Luh, and K. R. Pattipati, “A practical approach to job-shop scheduling problems,” IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom., vol. 9, no. 1,pp. 1–13, Feb. 1993, doi: 10.1109/70.210791.
[40] A. Jones, L. C. Rabelo, and A. T. Sharawi, “Survey of Job Shop Scheduling Techniques,” in Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1st ed., J. G. Webster, Ed., Wiley, 1999. doi: 10.1002/047134608X.W3352.
[41] A. S. Jain and S. Meeran, “A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW OF JOB-SHOP SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES”.
[42] T. M. Willems and J. E. Rooda, “Neural networks for job-shop scheduling,” Control Eng. Pract., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 31–39, Feb. 1994, doi: 10.1016/0967-0661(94)90571-1.
[43] G. R. Weckman, C. V. Ganduri, and D. A. Koonce, “A neural network job-shop scheduler,” J. Intell. Manuf., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 191–201, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1007/s10845-008-0073-9.
[44] J. G. A. Barbedo, “Impact of dataset size and variety on the effectiveness of deep learning and transfer learning for plant disease classification,”Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 153, pp. 46–53, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2018.08.013.