Journey to Justice: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of West Papua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v10i1.8491Keywords:
UNDRIP, indigenous rights, West Papua Indonesia, special autonomy, norm diffusionAbstract
This article aimed to examine the implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), focusing on the rights of the Indigenous Papuan people in the Indonesian provinces on the western half of the island of New Guinea, commonly referred to in English as Papua or West Papua. By drawing on the theory of norm diffusion in the study of international relations, this article argues that despite adopting a declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, the Indonesian government seems to find fulfilling the rights of Indigenous Papuans challenging due to obfuscation and lack of political will. This article finds that the implementation of special autonomy in Papua has been a failure, as the human rights situation has deteriorated and the fundamental rights of Indigenous Papuans remain unfulfilled.
Plum Analytics
References
Anderson, Bobby. (2015). Papua’s Insecurity: State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
Anderson, J. E. (2015). Indigenous knowledge and intellectual property rights. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (pp. 769-778). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.64078-3
Ananta, A., Utami, D. R. W. W., & Handayani, N. B. (2016). Statistics on ethnic diversity in the land of Papua, Indonesia. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 3(3), 458–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.143
Asmara, Chandra G. (August 1, 2022). Sah! Jokowi Teken Pembentukan 3 Provinsi Baru Papua, Ini Dia. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220801085207-4-360015/sah-jokowi-teken-pembentukan-3-provinsi-baru-papua-ini-dia
Aspinall, E & Fealy, G. (2004). Local Power and Politics in Indonesia Decentralisation and Democratisation. Singapore: ISEAS.
Alva-Arévalo, A. (2019). A critical evaluation of the domestic standards of the right to prior consultation under the UNDRIP: lessons from the Peruvian case, The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(1-2), 234-248, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2018.1562914
Baldwin, D. (2002). Power and international relations. In W. Carlsnaes T. Risse, & B. A., Simmons Handbook of international relations (pp. 177-191). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848608290.n9
Barnett, M., & Duvall, R. (2005). Power in international politics. International Organization, 59(1), 39-75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050010
Bedner, A., & Van Huis, S. (2008). The return of the native in Indonesian law: Indigenous communities in Indonesian legislation. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia and Oceania, 164(2), 165-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003655
Blades, J. (2020). West Papua: The Issue That Won’t Go Away for Melanesia. The Lowy Institute
Bertrand, J. (2011). Indigenous peoples rights as a strategy of ethnic accommodation: Contrasting experiences of Cordillerans and Papuans in the Philippines and Indonesia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(5), 850–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.537358
Cambou, D. (2019). The UNDRIP and the legal significance of the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination: a human rights approach with a multidimensional perspective, The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(1-2), 34-50, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1585345
Chao, S. (2021). Can there be justice here? Borderlands, 20(1), 11–48. https://doi.org/10.21307/borderlands-2021-002
Chauvel, R & Bakti, I. N. (2004). The Papua Conflict: Jakarta’s Perception and Policies. Washington: East-West Center Washington.
Claridge, L. (2019). The approach to UNDRIP within the African Regional Human Rights System. The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(1-2), 267-280, https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1609761
Croxton, D. (1999). The peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the origins of sovereignty. The International History Review, 21(3), 569-591, https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1999.9640869
de Almagro, M. M. (2018). Lost boomerangs, the rebound effect and transnational advocacy networks: a discursive approach to norm diffusion. Review of International Studies, 44(4), 672–693. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210518000086
Elisabeth, A. (2017, November 22). Understanding the root problem in Papua and its solution. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-root-problem-in-papua-and-its-solution-87951
Elmslie, J., Webb-Gannon, C. B. & King, P. (2015). Get up, Stand up: West Papua Stands up for its Rights. (Report). Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Sydney.
Elsam. (2003). Potret HAM Papua. Jayapura: Elsam Papua.
FAO. (2016). Free, Prior and Informed Consent: An Indigenous People’s Right and Good Practice for Local Communities. https://www.fao.org/3/i6190e/i6190e.pdf
Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917.
Freeport-Mcmoran. (2020). 2020 Annual Report: Freeport Foremost in Copper. Phoenix: Freeport-Mcmoran
Gietzelt, D. (1988). The Indonesianization of West Papua, Oceania, 59, 201—221. https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1834-4461.1989.TB02322.X
Glasius, M., Schalk, J., & De Lange, M. (2020) Illiberal norm diffusion: How do governments learn to restrict non-governmental organizations? International Studies Quarterly, 64(2), 453-468. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa019
Hadiprayitno, I. (2017). The limit of narratives: Ethnicity and indigenous rights in Papua, Indonesia. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 24(1), 1-23.
Heryanto, A. (2018). Decolonising Indonesia, past and present. Asian Studies Review, 42(4), 607–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2018.1516733
ICP & the Westpapua-Netzwerk. (2021). Human Rights in West Papua. Wuppertal: International Coalition for Papua
Imbiri, L. (2022, April, 5). Personal communication [Personal interview]
Indrawan, M., Sumule, A., Wijaya, A., Kapisa, N., Wanggai, F., Ahmad, M., …, Heatubun, C. D. (2019). A time for locally driven development in Papua and West Papua. Development in Practice, 29(6), 817–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1609907
Isa, F. G. (2019). The UNDRIP: An increasingly robust legal parameter. The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(1-2), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1568994
Jong, H. N. (2021, June 3). West Papua revokes quarter of a million hectares of land from palm oil. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/west-papua-revokes-quarter-of-a-million-hectares-of-land-from-palm-oil/
Kadir, M. Y. A. (2015). Revisiting self-determination conflicts in Indonesia: An international law perspective. Indonesia Law Review, 5(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v5n2.116
Karim, M. F. (2020). The limits of global human rights promotion: Indonesia’s ambivalent roles in the UN Human Rights Council. Contemporary Politics, 26(3), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1720065
Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn. (1998). Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
Kirsch, S. (2010). Ethnographic representation and the politics of violence in west Papua. Critique of Anthropology, 30(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X09363213
King, J. M., & Johnson, A in Mahly, L. (2018). West Papua Exposed: An Abandoned Non-Self-Governing pr Trust Territory. Griffith Journal of Law & Human Dignity, 6(2), 70-106.
Kingsbury, B. (1998). “Indigenous Peoples” in international law: A constructivist approach to the Asian controversy. The American Journal of International Law, 92(3), 414–457. https://doi.org/10.2307/2997916
Klotz, A., & Prakash, D. (2008). Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Kluge, E. (2020). West Papua and the international history of decolonization, 1961-69. International History Review, 42(6), 1155–1172. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2019.1694052
Krause, S. R. (2005). Freedom Beyond Sovereignty Reconstructing Liberal Individualism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Kusumaryati, V. (2020). Adat institutionalisation, the state and the quest for self-determination in West Papua. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 21(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2019.1670238
Lantang, F., & Tambunan, E. M. B. (2020). The internationalization of West Papua issue and its impact on Indonesia's policy to the south pacific region. Journal of ASEAN Studies, 8(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v8i1.6447
Lawson, S. (2016). West Papua, Indonesia and the Melanesian Spearhead Group: competing logics in regional and international politics. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 70(5), 506–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2015.1119231
Lenzerini, F. (2019). Implementation of the UNDRIP around the world: achievements and future perspectives. The outcome of the work of the ILA Committee on the Implementation of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(1-2), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1568993
Li, T. M. (2000). Society for comparative studies in society and history articulating indigenous identity in Indonesia: Resource politics and the tribal slot author. Society and History, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500002632
MacGibbon, R. (2004). Secessionist Challenges in Aceh and Papua: Is Special Autonomy the Solution? Policy Studies-10. Washington D.C: East-West Center Washington
MacLeod, J. (2007). Self-determination and autonomy: The meanings of freedom in West Papua, Security and Development in the Pacific Islands: Social Resilience in Emerging States, London: Boulder.
Macleod, J. (2011). The Struggle for Self-Determination in West Papua (1969-present). http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/
Mandowen, W. (2005). West Papua and the right to self-determination: A challenge to human rights. In T. Rathgeber (ed.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in West Papua. A Study on Social Reality and Political Perspectives. Wuppertal: Foedus Verlag.
McGibbon, R. (2006). Pitfalls of Papua: Understanding the Conflicts and Its Place in Australia-Indonesia Relations. New Youth Wales: Lowy Institute
Meteray, B. (2022, April, 6) Personal communication [Personal interview]
Mitchell, M. I. & Yuzdepski, D. (2019). Indigenous peoples, UNDRIP and land conflict: An African perspective, The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(8), 1356-1377. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1612374
Mollet, J. A. (2011). La dynamique des politiques gouvernementales locales modernes et du gouvernement économique en papouasie occidentale. Development in Practice, 21(2), 232–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2011.543273
Musgrave, T. D. (2015). An analysis of the 1969 Act of Free Choice in West Papua. In C. Chinkin & F. Baetens, Sovereignty, Statehood and State Responsibility (pp. 209–228). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107360075.017
Nababan, A. (2022, April 9). Personal communication [Personal interview].
OHCHR. (2022). Indonesia: UN Experts Sound Alarm on Serious Papua Abuses, Call for Urgent Aid. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/03/indonesia-un-experts-sound-alarm-serious-papua-abuses-call-urgent-aid
Poppe, A. E. & Wolff, J. (2017). The contested spaces of civil society in a plural world: Norm contestation in the debate about restrictions on international civil society support. Contemporary Politics, 23(4), 469-488, https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2017.1343219
Robinson, A. M. (2020). Governments must not wait on courts to implement UNDRIP rights concerning Indigenous sacred sites: Lessons from Canada and Ktunaxa Nation v. British Columbia. The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(10), 1642-1665. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1747441
Ruhyanto, A. (2016). The perils of prosperity approach in Papua. Peace Review, 28(4), 490-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2016.1237126
Rahab, Al A. (2022. April, 11) Personal communication [Personal interview].
Sanders, D. (1989). The UN working group on indigenous populations. Human Rights Quarterly, 11(3), 406–433. https://doi.org/10.2307/762100
Scott, C., & Tebay, N. (2005). The West Papua conflict and its consequences for the Island of New Guinea: Root causes and the campaign for Papua, land of peace. Round Table, 94(382), 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358530500331826
Schippers, B. (2018). Critical Perspectives on Human Rights. London: Rowman & Littlefield International.
Setiawan, K. M. P., & Spires, A. J. (2021). Global concepts, local meanings: How civil society interprets and uses human rights in Asia. Asian Studies Review, 45(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1849028
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Situmorang, M. (2010). International Dimensions of the West Papua Complexities
Soetjipto, A. (2018). Transnasionalisme: Peran Aktor Non-Negara dalam Hubungan Internasional. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor
Soetjipto, A. W., & Yuliestiana, A. T. D. (2020). Transnational relations and activism in international relations: Debates and consensus in literature. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 22(1), 142. https://doi.org/10.7454/global.v22i1.479
Tambunan, E. (2022, April, 13) Personal communication [Personal interview]
The Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: West ... - ohchr.org. (n.d.). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/SR/Urban-areas_Submissions/Indigenous_Organisations_Civil_Society/solidarity-for-indigenous-papuans.pdf
Torraco, R. J. (2005) Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4, 356-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283
UNCERD. (February 20, 2006). 1730th meeting (sixty-eighth session), CERD A/62/18. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2f62%2f18&Lang=en
Wangge, H. R., & Lawson, S. (2021). The West Papua issue in Pacific regional politics: explaining Indonesia’s foreign policy failure. Pacific Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2021.1931417
Whall, H. (2003). The challenge of indigenous peoples: The unfinished business of decolonization. Round Table, 372, 635–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035853032000150645
Widjojo, M. S. (2010). Papua Road Map: Negotiating the Past, Improving the Present, and Securing the Future. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor
Septiari, D. (2019, September 4). UN human rights chief calls for dialogue with Papuans. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/09/04/un-human-rights-chief-calls-for-dialogue-with-papuans.html.
Zimmermann, L. (2014). Same same or different? norm diffusion between resistance, compliance, and localization in post-conflict states. International Studies Perspectives, 17(1), 98-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/insp.12080
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ani Widyani Soetjipto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.