Critical Discourse Analysis on Representation of Racism and Solidarity in Adidas's Tweets

Authors

  • Desi Indrawati Language Center, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v15i1.7108

Keywords:

critical discourse analysis, racism representation, solidarity representation, Adidas, Twitter

Abstract

The research aimed to analyze how Adidas uses Twitter to convey messages about racism and solidarity in its tweets. Methodologically, the research applied a descriptive qualitative study on the representation of racism in Adidas’s tweets involving (1) What are the themes of discourses that represent racism and solidarity in Adidas’s tweets? (2) What is the representation of racism and solidarity in Adidas’s tweets? and (3) What are the meanings of Adidas’s tweets? Twelve tweets from Adidas were collected, coded, analyzed, and described using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It was an effective method for deconstructing the identity of Twitter users to make arguments on the themes exposed during coding. The research findings reveal that the declarative statement and humanitarian as the most themes in Adidas’s tweets are the ones that give straightforward and positive messages to Twitter users and followers. The findings also indicate firm and meaningful tweets for Adidas to speak out against racism and spread solidarity through Twitter. However, those tweets also give the messages about their commitment to always supporting the black community, their black employees, the Asian community, and the Black Lives Matter event to embody valuable and eternal change through solidarity, unity, and commitment against racism.

Dimensions

Plum Analytics

References

Abed, M. M. (2018). Critical discourse analysis of Oprah Winfrey speech at the 2018 Golden Globe. Qalaai Zanist Scientific Journal, 3(3), 728-746. http://dx.doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.3.3.31.

Adidas. (2019). History. Retrieved from https://www.adidas-group.com/en/group/history/.

Alang, S., McAlpine D., McCreedy E., Hardeman R. (2017). Police brutality and black health: Setting the agenda for public health scholars. American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 662-665. https://dx.doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2017.303691.

Al Ghazali, F. (2017). Awareness of critical discourse analysis underpins learners’ sociolinguistic competence and language use. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 3(2), 349-366.

Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (2017). A tale of four platforms: Motivations and uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat among college students? Social Media + Society, 3(1), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305117691544.

Ali, M. K., Christopher, A. A., & Nordin, M. Z. F. B. (2017). Pronouns and ideology in newspaper discourse. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 6(3), 168-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.3p.168.

Anderson, M., & Hitlin, P. (2016). Blacks more likely than whites to see and post – race-related content on social media. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet. org/2016/08/15/blacks-more-likely-than-whites-to-see-andpost-race-related-content-on-social-media/.

Asante, G., Sekimoto, S., & Brown, C. (2016). Becoming “black”: Exploring the racialized experiences of African immigrants in the United States. Howard Journal of Communications. 27(4), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2016.1206047.

Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30569-x.

Benner, A.D., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Boyle, A.E., Polk, R., & Cheng, Y. P. (2018). Racial/Ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review. American Psychologist, 73(7), 855-883 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000204.

Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (4th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Berryman, C., Ferguson, C. J., Negy, C. (2018). Social media use and mental health among young adults. Psychiatric Quarterly, 89, 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9535-6.

Blommaert, J. (2019). Sociolinguistic restratification in the online-offline nexus: Trump’s viral errors. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, 234, 1-20.

Bobo, L. (2017). Racism in Trump’s America: Reflections on culture, sociology, and the 2016 US presidential election. British Journal of Sociology, 68(1), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12324.

Bor J., Venkataramani A.S., Williams D.R., Tsai A.C. (2018). Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: A population-based, quasi-experimental study. Lancet, 2392, 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31130-9.

Bowser, B. (2017). Racism: Origin and theory. Journal of Black Study, 48(6), 572-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717702135.

Bucchianeri, M. M., Gower, A. L., McMorris, B. J., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2016). Youth experiences with multiple types of prejudice-based harassment. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 68-75. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.012.

Carlson, J., Rahman, M., Voola, R., & De Vries, N. (2018). Customer engagement behaviors in social media: Capturing innovation opportunities. Journal of Services Marketing, 32(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-02-2017-0059.

Chen, W. F., Wachsmuth, H., Al Khatib, K., & Stein, B. (2018). Learning to flip the bias of news headlines. In Proceedings of the 11th International conference on natural language generation. Association for Computational Linguistics. Tilburg University, Netherland. pp 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445613490010.

Cummings, S., Regeer, B., de Haan, L., Zweekhorst, M., & Bunders, J. (2018). Critical discourse analysis of perspectives on knowledge and the knowledge society within the sustainable development goals. LSE Research Online, 36(6), 727-742. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12296.

Cunningham, S., & Craig, D. (2017). Being “really real” on YouTube: Authenticity, community and brand culture in social media entertainment. Media International Australia, 164(1), 71-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878X17709098.

Czopp, A. M., & Monteith, M. J. (2003). Confronting prejudice (literally): Reactions to confrontations of racial and gender bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(4), 532-544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202250923.

David, M. K. (2017). Language, power and manipulation: The use of rhetoric in maintaining political influence. Frontiers of Language and Teaching, 5(1), 164-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/0866-773X/132.

Drid, T. (2019). The study of news: A discourse analysis perspective. Journal El-Bahith in Human and Social Sciences, 10(35), 701-708.

Dubey, A. D. (2020). The resurgence of cyber racism during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftereffects: Analysis of sentiments and emotions in tweets. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 6(4), e19833. https://doi.org/10.2196/19833.

Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2008). Qualitative methods in business research. California: Sage Publications.

Fafiyebi, D. O. (2020). A critical discourse analysis of selected utterances of state actors on the 2019 xenophobic attacks on Nigerians in South Africa. Journal of Language and Literature, 20(2), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.v20i2.2394.

Fairclough, N. (1993). Critical discourse analysis and the commodification of public discourse. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 133-168.

Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge.

Ferguson, J. P., & Rembrand, K. (2018). Firm turnover and the return of racial establishment segregation. American Sociological Review, 83(3), 445-474.

Fiske, J. (1994). Media matters: Everyday culture and political change. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.

Gagliardi, J. S., Lorelle, L. E., Jonathan, M. T., & Morgan, T. (2017). American college president study. Washington DC: American Council on Education.

Gnizy, I. (2019). Big data and its strategic path to value in international firms. International Marketing Review, 36(2), 318-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IMR-09-2018-0249.

Gordon, B. R., Zettelmeyer, F., Bhargava, N., & Chapsky, D. (2019). A comparison of approaches to advertising measurement: Evidence from big field experiments at Facebook. Marketing Science, 38(2), 193-225.

Grieco, E. (2017). More Americans are turning to multiple social media sites for news. Retrieved on October 25, 2018 from http://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2017/11/02/more-americans-are-turning-to-multiple-social-media-sites-for-news/.

Gunawan, F., & Sumarlam, S. (2018). The polemic of Kendari beach reclamation on online media (Critical Discourse Analysis). In Proceedings of the International Seminar on Recent Language, Literature, and Local Cultural Studies (BASA 2018). Solo Baru, Indonesia. pp 223-233.

Hall, J. A., Kearney, M. W., & Xing, C. (2018). Two tests of social displacement through social media use. Information, Communication and Society, 22(10), 1396-1413. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1430162.

Herdiana, H., Hidayat, D. N., Alek, A., & Husna, N. (2020). Given and new information in Barrack Obama remarks: A syntactic form of analysis. Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 8(4), 458-464. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v8i4.2827.

Hidayatullah, M. S. (2017). The khilafah discourse on Aljazeera and Alarabiya: A valuable lesson for Indonesian online media. In International Conference on Culture and Language in Southeast Asia (ICCLAS 2017). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icclas-17.2018.33.

Hussain, S., Jote, A., & Sajid, S. (2017). Critical discourse analysis: Demystifying the fuzziness. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 3(10), 242-249.

Ilham., & Darlan, S. (2017). Critical discourse analysis in translation. JETAFL (Journal of English Teaching as a Foreign Language), 33-38.

Jackson, S. J. (2016). (Re)imagining intersectional democracy from black feminism to hashtag activism. Women’s Studies in Communication, 39(4), 375-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1226654.

Joseph, N., Grover, P., Rao, P. K., & Ilavarasan, P. V. (2017). Deep analyzing public conversations: Insights from Twitter analytics for policy makers. 16th Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society (I3E). Delhi, India. pp 239-250.

Kashiwadate, K., Yasuda, T., Fujita, K., Kita, S., & Kobayashi, H. (2020). Syntactic structure influences speech-gesture synchronization. Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 11(1), 10-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2020.73.

Khafaga, A. (2017a). Linguistic manipulation of political myth in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. International Journal of English Linguistics, 7(3), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n3p189.

Khafaga, A. (2017b). Discourse interpretation: A deconstructive reader-oriented approach to critical discourse analysis. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 6(2), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.2p.138.

Khafaga, A. (2019). Linguistic representation of power in Edward Bond’s Lear: A lexicopragmatic approach to critical discourse analysis. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(6), 404-420. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n6p404.

Khan, A., Asghar, M. Z., Ahmad, H., Kundi, F. M., & Ismail, S. (2017). A rule-based sentiment classification framework for health reviews on mobile social media. Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, 7(6), 1445-1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2017.2208.

Kim, B., & Kim, Y. (2017). College students’ social media use and communication network heterogeneity: Implications for social capital and subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 620-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.033.

Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? Yuseong-gu, Daejeon: Department of Computer Science, KAIST.

Kwate, N. O. A. (2017). The race against time: Lived time, time loss, and black health opportunity. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 14(2), 497-514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X17000145.

Lamerichs, N., Nguyen D., Carmen, M., Melguizo, P., Radojevic, R., & Lange-Böhmer, A. (2018). Elite male bodies: The circulation of alt-right memes and the framing of politicians on social media. Participations, 15(1), 180-206.

Laniyonu, A. (2018). A comparative analysis of black racial group consciousness in the United States and Britain. The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics, 4(1), 117-147. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2018.28.

Laurencin, C. T., & McClinton, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: A call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7, 398-402. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40615-020-00756-0.

Lavalley, R., & Johnson, K. R. (2020). Occupation, injustice, and anti-black racism in the United States of America. Journal of Occupational Science, Advance online publication, 1-13. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14427591.2020.1810111.

Lee, J. E., & Watkins, B. (2016). YouTube vloggers’ influence on consumer luxury brand perceptions and intentions. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.171.

Lewis, M. (2020). Criminalizing China. Journal of Criminology Law and Criminology, 111(1), 145-225.

Li, A. (2020). Solidarity: The role of non-black people of color in promoting racial equity. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14, 549-553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00498-9.

Lister, M. (2017). 40 essential social media marketing statistics for 2017. Retrieved from http://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2017/01/05/social-media-marketing-statistics.

Majumdar, A., & Bose, I. (2019). Do tweets create value? A multi-period analysis of Twitter use and content of tweets for manufacturing firms. International Journal of Production Economics, 216, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.04.008.

Mapping Police Violence. (2015). Police killed more than 100 unarmed Black people in 2015 (data file). Retrieved from https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/ unarmed/.

Marcelo, A. K., & Yates, T. M. (2019). Young children’s ethnic–racial identity moderates the impact of early discrimination experiences on child behavior problems. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(2), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000220.

Mayorga, E., & Picower, B. (2018). Active solidarity: Centering the demands and vision of the Black Lives Matter movement in teacher education. Urban Education, 53(2), 212-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085917747117.

Mazumder, N. (2018). Constructing terrorism a critical discourse analysis on the construction of terrorism in Bangladeshi English-Language newspaper editorials. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331551179_Constructing_Terrorism_A_Critical_Discourse_Analysis_on_the_Construction_of_Terrorism_in_Bangladeshi_English-Language_Newspaper_Editorials.

McCord, M. A., Joseph, D. L., Dhanani, L. Y., Beus, J. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of sex and race differences in perceived workplace maltreatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(2), 137-163. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000250.

McGregor, S. C., Mourão, R. R., & Molyneux, L. (2017). Twitter as a tool for and object of political and electoral activity: Considering electoral context and variance among actors. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 14(2), 154-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2017.1308289.

McMillan, G. (2011). Why Twitter? Time: Techland. Retrieved from http://techland.time.com/2011/11/17/whytwitter/2/.

Michael, H. (2020). The use of Twitter by state leaders and its impact on the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 6(11), e05540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05540.

Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham, NC and London: Duke UP.

Mueller, J. C. (2017). Producing colorblindness: Everyday mechanisms of white ignorance. Social Problems, 64(2), 219-238. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spw061.

Mulderrig, J., Montesano, M. N., & Farrelly, M. (2019). Critical policy discourse analysis: Advances in critical policy studies series. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Muller, E., & Peres, R. (2019). The effect of social networks structure on innovation performance: A review and directions for research. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 36(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2018.05.003.

Mullet, D. (2018). A general critical discourse analysis framework for educational research. Journal of Advanced Academics, 29(2), 116-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X18758260.

Nonhoff, M. (2017). Discourse analysis as critique. Palgrave Communications, 3, 17074. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.74.

Payne, M. (2007). How does the media portray black America. South Carolina: Helium.

Persada, I., & Syahrudin, J. (2018). A critical discourse analysis of Indonesia presidential election in 2014 giving speeches in campaign debate. E-Journal of English Language and Literature, 7(3), 1-20.

Petray, T. L., & Collin, R. (2017). Your privilege is trending: Confronting whiteness on social media. Social Media + Society, 3(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117706783.

Priest, N., Slopen, N., Woolford, S., Philip, J. T., Singer, D., Kauffman, A. D., Moseley, K., Davis, M., Ransome, Y., Williams, D. R. (2018). Stereotyping across intersections of race and age: Racial stereotyping among white adults working with children. PLoS One, 13(9), e0205614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205614.

Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among U.S. young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013.

Rachman, A., Yunianti, S., & Ratnadewi, D. (2017). Critical discourse analysis in Donald Trump presidential campaign to win Americans’ heart. TELL Journal, 5(2), 8-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/tell.v5i2.388.

Ray, V. (2019). A theory of racialized organizations. American Sociological Review, 84, 26-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418822335.

Reece, A. G., Reagan, A. J., Lix, K. L. M., Dodds, P. S., Danforth, C. M., & Langer, E. J. (2017). Forecasting the onset and course of mental illness with Twitter data. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12961-9.

Ridgeway, M. L., & Yerrick, R. K. (2018). Whose banner are we waving? Exploring STEM partnerships for marginalized urban youth. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 13(1), 59-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-016-9773-1.

Rinkus, B. E. ( 2012). Analysis of Twitter usage by select black professional athletes presenting their online identities, as related to black hypermasculinity. Washington: School of Professional Studies Gonzaga University.

Saeed, A., Rae, E., Neil, R., Connell-Hall, V., & Munro, F. (2019). To BAME or not to BAME: The problem with racial terminology in the civil service. Retrieved from https://www.civilserviceworld.com/articles/opinion/bame-or-not-bame-problem-racialterminology-civil-service.

Safira, A., Putri, D. W., & Wattimena, G. H. (2019). Self presentation beauty influencer Abel Cantika via Youtube. Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi, 12(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.14421/pjk.v12i1.1583.

Samari, G. (2016). Islamophobia and public health in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 106(11), 1920-1925. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.30337.

Scott, E. (2020). 4 reasons coronavirus is hitting black communities so hard. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/10/4-reasons-coronavirus-is-hitting-black-communities-so-hard/.

Smedley, A. (2018). Racism. Edinburg: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Smit, B. (2006). Pitch invasion: Three stripes, two brothers, one feud: Adidas, Puma, and the making of modern sport. London, New York: Allen Lane.

Sriwimon, L., & Zilli, P. J. (2017). Applying critical discourse analysis as a conceptual framework for investigating gender stereotypes in political media discourse. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38(2), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2016.04.004.

Stein, S., & de Andreotti, V. O. (2016). Cash, competition, or charity: International students and the global imaginary. Higher Education, 72(2), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9949-8.

Su, T. (2016). Positive discourse analysis of Xi Jinping’s speech at the National University of Singapore under appraisal theory. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(4), 796-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0704.22.

Suspitsyna, T., & Shalka, T. R. (2019). The Chinese international student as a (post) colonial other: An analysis of cultural representations of a US media discourse. The Review of Higher Education, 42(5), 287-308. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0053.

Swani, K., Milne, G., Cromer, C., & Brown, B. P. (2013). Fortune 500 companies’ use of Twitter communications: A comparison between product and service Tweets. International Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications, 5(2), 47-56.

Tampubolon, S., Saragih, A., Setia, E., & Nurlela. (2017). Critical discourse analysis on Medan local newspapers’ editorial. International Journal of Linguistics, 9(2), 139-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i2.10792.

Thomas, E. F., Cary, N., Smith, L. G. E, Spears, R., & McGarty, C. (2018). The role of social media in shaping solidarity and compassion fade: How the death of a child turned apathy into action but distress took away. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3778-3798. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818760819.

Upadhyay, S. (2018). A conceptual model incorporating Twitter as a language tool in ESL/EFL learning. TESOL International Journal, 13(4), 49-54.

Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4, 249-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006.

Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology. London: Sage

Van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and practice: New tools for critical discourse analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.

Van Sterkenburg, J., Peeters, R., & Van Amsterdam, N. (2019). Everyday racism and constructions of racial/ethnic difference in and through football talk. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(2), 136754941882305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549418823057.

Yarlott, W. V. H., Cornelio, C., Gao, T., & Finlayson, M. A. (2018). Identifying the discourse function of news article paragraphs. In Proceedings of the workshop on events and stories in the news. New Mexico, USA. pp 25-33.

Yunira, S., Pradina, S., Sumbayak, M., Putri, N. S., & Derin, T. (2019). Re-visits the grand theory of Geoffrey Leech: Seven types of meaning. REiLA: Journal of Research and Innovation in Language, 1(3), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.31849/reila.v1i3.3768.

Yunus, K., Mohamad, M., & Waelateh, B. (2016). The breadth of receptive vocabulary knowledge among English major university students. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 1(1), 7-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol1iss1pp7-17.

Zarrinjooei, N. (2016). Reproducing the institutional discourses: A critical language awareness approach. International Journal for 21st Century Education, 3(1), 77-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/ij21ce.v3i1.5649.

Downloads

Published

2021-07-19
Abstract 2919  .
PDF downloaded 2474  .