The Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic to The Welfare of Indonesian Musicians
A Descriptive Study
Keywords:
Indonesian musicians, welfare, COVID-19 pandemicAbstract
Since the outbreak in March 2020, the Indonesian government has implemented large-scale social restrictions in major cities, aiming to minimize the spread of the disease. Restrictions included the temporary termination of onsite events (concerts and festivals) and a shift from offline to online education, including music classes. These sudden changes have affected the welfare of Indonesian musicians in general. With little references provided about Indonesian musicians’ welfare, we intended to present valid data to comprehend better the phenomena that would expectantly lead to appropriate and targeted support. From September to October 2020, we conducted an online survey to musicians across Indonesia to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their overall welfare. 581 respondents from all provinces of Indonesia participated in this survey. The respondents included 54% full-time musicians and 46% part-time musicians. We divided the identified impacts into two categories: direct and indirect impacts, encompassing various aspects, including changes in mental health, working platforms, and financial issues. Our survey indicated that 71.6% of respondents reported having experienced changes in their daily life patterns. Online working methods increased from 8.3% to 72.5%, whereas offline methods decreased from 92.4% to 17.6%. Aside from those changes, respondents with income below 1 million rupiahs increased sharply from 9% (before the pandemic) to 47% (after the pandemic). Utilizing Chi-square independence tests on SPSS v. 26, this descriptive study found a significant association between working status (full-time or part-time musicians) and their responses towards the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon their lives.
References
Aida, N. R. (2020, November 17). In Wedhaswary, Inggrid Dwi (Ed.). Pelaku Budaya Penerima Bantuan Rp 1 Juta Wajib Registrasi Ulang Sebelum 25 November. Kompas. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/11/17/180700165/pelaku-budaya-penerima-bantuan-rp-1-juta-wajib-registrasi-ulang-sebelum-25?page=all
Advocacy Art in Crisis. (2020). Koalisi Seni (The Indonesian Arts Coalition). Retrieved from https://koalisiseni.or.id/en/advocacy/art-in-crisis/
Ascenso, S., Perkins, R., Atkins, L., Fancourt, D., and Williamon, A. (2018). Promoting Well-being through Group Drumming with Mental Health Service Users and Their Careers. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Well Being 13:1484219. doi: 10.1080/17482631.2018.1484219
Atmowardoyo, H. (2018). Research Methods in TEFL Studies: Descriptive Research, Case Study, Error Analysis, and R & D. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. 9. 197. 10.17507/jltr.0901.25.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8
Brunt, S., & Nelligan, K. (2020). The Australian Music Industry’s Mental Health Crisis: Media Narratives during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Media International Australia, 178(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x20948957
Cohen, S. (2020). The Pros and Cons of Streaming Performance. Washington Square News. https://nyunews.com/arts/performing/2020/03/24/streaming-the-performing-arts/
Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000103
Desclaux, A., Badji, D., Ndione, A. G., & Sow, K. (2017). Accepted Monitoring or Endured Quarantine? Ebola Contacts' Perceptions in Senegal. Social Science & Medicine, 178, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.009
Elias, M. J., Brackett, M. A., Miller, R., Jones, S., Kahn, J., Mahoney, J. L., Weissberg, R. P., & Chung, S. Y. (2019). Developing Social and Emotional Skills and Attitudes and Ecological Assets. In D. Osher, M. J. Mayer, R. J. Jagers, K. Kendziora, & L. Wood (Eds.), Keeping students safe and helping them thrive: A collaborative handbook on school safety, mental health, and wellness (pp. 185-209). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO.
Fauzia, M. (2021, March 2). In Erlangga Djumena (Ed.), Kompas. https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/03/02/083900826/satu-tahun-covid-19-di-indonesia--bongkar-pasang-anggaran-untuk-pulihkan?page=all
Gloster, A. T., Lamnisos, D., Lubenko, J., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Constantinou, M., Nicolaou, C., Papacostas, S., Aydın, G., Chong, Y. Y., Chien, W. T., Cheng, H. Y., Ruiz, F. J., Garcia-Martin, M. B., Obando-Posada, D. P., Segura-Vargas, M. A., Vasiliou, V. S., McHugh, L., Höfer, S., … Karekla, M. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health: An international study. PLOS ONE, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244809
Hair, R. (2016). AFM, Media Convergence and Performance Rights, Part 4. International Musician, 114(5), 2–3.
Joseph, A.R. (2020). What is the Future of Arts Education in the Midst of a Pandemic? It’s Essential, Virtual, and Hybrid for Now! International Dialogues on Education, 2020, Volume 7, Special Issue, pp. 61-80. ISSN 2198-5944
Kemenparekraf. (2020, June 16). Neno Fest 2020 Hadirkan Live Streaming Konser Musik 3 Hari. Retrieved from https://pedulicovid19.kemenparekraf.go.id/neno-fest-2020-hadirkan-live-streaming-konser-musik-3-hari/
Kemenparekraf. (2021, February 14). Siaran Pers: Kemenparekraf Dukung Konser Musik Jazz Goes to Campus ke-43 Secara Virtual. Retrieved from https://kemenparekraf.go.id/berita/Siaran-Pers-:-Kemenparekraf-Dukung-Konser-Musik-Jazz-Goes-to-Campus-ke_43-Secara-Virtual
Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218–1239.e3.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009.
R., M. D. R. A., Hargreaves, D. J., & Miell, D. (2009). Musical identities. Oxford University Press.
Marzuki, A. M. (2017). Tompi-Musisi Harus Punya Gaji Bulanan. Media Indonesia. https://mediaindonesia.com/hiburan/108629/tompi-musisi-harus-punya-gaji-bulanan
Mediana. (2020, April 13). Pemerintah Data 226.586 Seniman dan Pekerja Kreatif yang Terdampak Covid-19. Kompas. https://www.kompas.id/baca/dikbud/2020/04/13/pemerintah-data-226-586-seniman-dan-pekerja-kreatif-yang-terdampak-covid-19
Messick, K. J. (2020). Music Industry in Crisis: The Impact of a Novel Coronavirus on Touring Metal Bands, Promoters, and Venues. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/96ptk
Miksza, P., & Hime, L. (2015). Undergraduate Music Program Alumni’s Career Path, Retrospective Institutional Satisfaction, and Financial Status. Arts Education Policy Review, 116(4), 1–13. https://eresources.perpusnas.go.id:2111/10.1080/10632913.2014.945628
Musician’s Union. (2021). Employment Status. Retrieved from https://musiciansunion.org.uk/legal-money/rights-and-legislation/employment-status
Pebrianto, F. (2020). In Ranggasari, Ririe (Trans.), Afifa, Laila (Ed.). Tempo. Retrieved from https://en.tempo.co/read/1303990/bps-59-of indonesia- economy-concentrated-in-java
Philippe A., et.al. (2019). Understanding Wellbeing Among College Music Students and Amateur Musicians in Western Switzerland. Front. Psychol. 10:820. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00820
Prakoso, B. (2020). Ari Lasso Bongkar Penghasilan Jadi Penyanyi, Honor Habis Dibagi Sama Band! Diadona. https://www.diadona.id/d-stories/ari-lasso-bongkar-penghasilan-jadi-penyanyi-honor-habis-dibagi-sama-band-200707g.html
Rahman, M. A., Kusuma, A. Z. D., & Arfyanto, H. (2020). Employment Situations of Economic Sectors Impacted by The COVID-19 Pandemic. The SMERU Research Institute. SMERU Issue Brief No. 1/June/2020. https://smeru.or.id/sites/default/files/publication/ib01_naker_en.pdf
Shouldice, H. N. (2014). Elementary students’ definitions and self-perceptions of being a ‘good musician’. Music Education Research, 16(3), 330–345. https://ezproxy.library.uph.edu:2098/10.1080/14613808.2014.909396
Small, C. (1998). Musicking: The meaning of performing and listening. Hanover: University Press of New England.
Spiro, N., Perkins, R., Kaye, S., Tymoszuk, U., Mason-Bertrand, A., Cossette, I., Glasser, S., & Williamon, A. (2021). The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown 1.0 on Working Patterns, Income, and Wellbeing among Performing Arts Professionals in the United Kingdom (April–June 2020). Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594086
Taylor, A. (2021). How Covid is ‘creating a new genre’ for live music. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55947209
The World Bank in Indonesia. (2021, April 6). Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia/overview
Trevarthen, C. (2002). Origin of Musical Identity: Evidence from Infancy for Musical Social Awareness. In MacDonald, R., Hargreaves, D. J., Miell, D. (Eds.). Musical Identities. Oxford University Press.
Tsioulcas, A. (2018). What Does Life In An Orchestra Get You? In The U.K., Not Enough To Live On. NPR Music. https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2018/05/03/608125794/what-does- life-in-an-orchestra-get-you-in-the-u-k-not-enough-to-live-on
Wang, A. X. (2018). The Median U.S. Musician Is Still Making Under $25,000 a Year. Rolling Stone Music Biz News. https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/news/the-median-u-s-musician-is-still-making-under-25000-a-year-666833/
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. (2021, July 2). Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
Mental Health and COVID-19. WHO. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/covid-19
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Olivia Evelin Sundari, Kezia Karnila Putri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License - Share Alike that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
USER RIGHTS
All articles published Open Access will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download. We are continuously working with our author communities to select the best choice of license options, currently being defined for this journal as follows: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC BY-SA)
