Relationship Among Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate, and Service-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Hospitality Industry

Authors

  • Patti Betina E. Chan Saint Louis University
  • Maria Joan P. Barlis Saint Louis University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21512/becossjournal.v5i2.9976

Keywords:

Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate, Service-Oriented OCBs, Hospitality Industry

Abstract

Business ethics has been cited as one of the hospitality industry’s most important issues by many practitioners and academics. Yet, further study on business ethics in the industry has been advised. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship among ethical leadership, ethical climate, and service-oriented OCBs. It investigated whether or not ethical leadership and ethical climate has a substantial impact on service-oriented OCBs, in an Asian country such as the Philippines. The current study discovered that ethical leadership is significantly and positively associated with both service-oriented OCBs and ethical climate. There was also a strong positive association between ethical climate and service-oriented OCBs. The present research can help hospitality organizations cultivate ethical leadership, strengthen an ethical climate, and encourage service-oriented OCBs. Based on these analyses, academics and scholards would benefit from having a deeper understanding of the relationship between ethical leadership, ethical climate, and service-oriented OCBs.

Dimensions

Plum Analytics

Author Biographies

Patti Betina E. Chan, Saint Louis University

Masteral Graduate, School of Advanced Studies

Maria Joan P. Barlis, Saint Louis University

Ph.d. School of Advanced Studies

References

Al Halbusi, H., Williams, K. A., Ramayah, T., Aldieri, L., & Vinci, C. P. (2020). Linking ethical leadership and ethical climate to employees’ ethical behavior: the moderating role of person–organization fit. Personnel Review, 50(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-09-2019-0522

Alfarajat, H. S., & Emeagwali, O. L. (2021). Antecedents of Service Innovative Behavior: The Role of Spiritual Leadership and Workplace Spirituality. Organizacija, 54(4), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2021-0022

ALMEIDA, J. G., & PORTO, J. B. (2019). ETHICAL CLIMATE INDEX: EVIDENCE OF VALIDITY OF THE BRAZILIAN VERSION. RAM. Revista De Administração Mackenzie, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eramg190030

Aloustani, S., Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, F., Zagheri-Tafreshi, M., Nasiri, M., Barkhordari-Sharifabad, M., & Skerrett, V. (2020). Association between ethical leadership, ethical climate and organizational citizenship behavior from nurses’ perspective: a descriptive correlational study. BMC Nursing, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0408-1

Arici, H. E., Arici, N. C., Köseoglu, M. A., & King, B. E. M. (2021). Leadership research in the root of hospitality scholarship: 1960–2020. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 99, 103063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103063

Arnaud, A., & Schminke, M. (2012). The Ethical Climate and Context of Organizations: A Comprehensive Model. Organization Science, 23(6), 1767–1780. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1110.0698

Bai, Y., Lin, L., & Liu, J. T. (2017). Leveraging the employee voice: a multi-level social learning perspective of ethical leadership. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(12), 1869–1901. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1308414

Banks, G. C., Fischer, T., Gooty, J., & Stock, G. (2021). Ethical leadership: Mapping the terrain for concept cleanup and a future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(2), 101471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101471

Banks, G. C., Woznyj, H. M., & Mansfield, C. A. (2021). Where is “behavior” in organizational behavior? A call for a revolution in leadership research and beyond. The Leadership Quarterly, 101581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101581

Bedi, A., Alpaslan, C. M., & Green, S. (2015). A Meta-analytic Review of Ethical Leadership Outcomes and Moderators. Journal of Business Ethics, 139(3), 517–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2625-1

Bettencourt, L. A., Gwinner, K. P., & Meuter, M. L. (2001). A comparison of attitude, personality, and knowledge predictors of service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.29

Bharadwaja, S., Lee, L., & Madera, J. M. (2018). Customer evaluations of service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors: Agentic and communal differences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 70, 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.021

Bowen, D. E., & Schneider, B. (2013). A Service Climate Synthesis and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Service Research, 17(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670513491633

Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004

Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2013). Do Role Models Matter? An Investigation of Role Modeling as an Antecedent of Perceived Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 587–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1769-0

Brownell, J. (2010). Leadership in the Service of Hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(3), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965510368651

Cavus, M. F., & Develi, A. (2017). Ethical Climate and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v7i1.10561

Cha, J., & Borchgrevink, C. P. (2017). Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Frontline Employees’ Service-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Foodservice Context: Exploring the Moderating Role of Work Status. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 19(3), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2017.1324337

Chen, C. T., Hu, H. H. S., & King, B. (2018). Shaping the organizational citizenship behavior or workplace deviance: Key determining factors in the hospitality workforce. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 35, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.01.003

Chen, W. J. (2016). The model of service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior among international tourist hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 29, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.05.002

Cheng, K., Wei, F., & Lin, Y. (2019). The trickle-down effect of responsible leadership on unethical pro-organizational behavior: The moderating role of leader-follower value congruence. Journal of Business Research, 102, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.04.044

Chiu, S. F., Lin, S. T., & Han, T. S. (2015). Employment status and employee service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviour. Career Development International, 20(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/cdi-07-2014-0096

Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Bronson, J. W. (1993). The Ethical Climate Questionnaire: An Assessment of its Development and Validity. Psychological Reports, 73(2), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.667

Dai, Y. D., Hou, Y. H., Chen, K. Y., & Zhuang, W. L. (2018). To help or not to help: antecedents of hotel employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1293–1313. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2016-0160

DeConinck, J. B. (2015). Outcomes of ethical leadership among salespeople. Journal of Business Research, 68(5), 1086–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.10.011

Decoster, S., Stouten, J., & Tripp, T. M. (2019). When Employees Retaliate Against Self-Serving Leaders: The Influence of the Ethical Climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 168(1), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04218-4

Demirtas, O. (2013). Ethical Leadership Influence at Organizations: Evidence from the Field. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1950-5

Dimitriou, C. K., & Ducette, J. P. (2018). An analysis of the key determinants of hotel employees’ ethical behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 34, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.12.002

Dimitriou, C. K., & Schwepker, C. H. (2019). Enhancing the lodging experience through ethical leadership. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(2), 669–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2017-0636

Dust, S. B., Resick, C. J., Margolis, J. A., Mawritz, M. B., & Greenbaum, R. L. (2018). Ethical leadership and employee success: Examining the roles of psychological empowerment and emotional exhaustion. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(5), 570–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.02.002

Eluwole, K. K., Karatepe, O. M., & Avci, T. (2022). Ethical leadership, trust in organization and their impacts on critical hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103153

Engelbrecht, A. S., Wolmarans, J., & Mahembe, B. (2017). Effect of ethical leadership and climate on effectiveness. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(0). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v15i0.781

Feng, T., Wang, D., Lawton, A., & Luo, B. N. (2019). Customer orientation and firm performance: The joint moderating effects of ethical leadership and competitive intensity. Journal of Business Research, 100, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.021

Frempong, F. (2017). Gender and Ethical Conduct of Hotel Employees in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(3), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3476-8

Garba, O. A., Babalola, M. T., & Guo, L. (2018). A social exchange perspective on why and when ethical leadership foster customer-oriented citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 70, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.018

Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., & Phetvaroon, K. (2022). Beyond the bend: The curvilinear effect of challenge stressors on work attitudes and behaviors. Tourism Management, 90, 104482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104482

Hassan, Z. A., Schattner, P., & Mazza, D. (2006). Doing A Pilot Study: Why Is It Essential? Malaysian Family Physician : The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 1(2–3), 70–73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453116/

Hefny, L. (2020). The relationships between job satisfaction dimensions, organizational commitment and turnover intention: the moderating role of ethical climate in travel agencies. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2020.1821425

Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2016). Do Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership Explain Variance Above and Beyond Transformational Leadership? A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461

Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2019). Do Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership Explain Variance Above and Beyond Transformational Leadership? A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461

Hospitality Industry: All your questions answered. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2022, from https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/hospitality-industry

Huertas-Valdivia, I., Gallego-Burín, A. R., & Lloréns-Montes, F. J. (2019). Effects of different leadership styles on hospitality workers. Tourism Management, 71, 402–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.027

Kacmar, K. M., Bachrach, D. G., Harris, K. J., & Zivnuska, S. (2011). Fostering good citizenship through ethical leadership: Exploring the moderating role of gender and organizational politics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021872

Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., & De Hoogh, A. H. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.007

Kang, J., & Jang, J. (2019). Fostering service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior through reducing role stressors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(9), 3567–3582. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2018-1018

Kao, F. H., & Cheng, B. S. (2017). Proservice or antiservice employee behaviors: A multilevel ethics perspective. Human Performance, 30(5), 272–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2017.1399130

Karatepe, O. M., & Agbaim, I. M. (2012). Perceived Ethical Climate and Hotel Employee Outcomes: An Empirical Investigation in Nigeria. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 13(4), 286–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008x.2012.692291

Karim, S., & Nadeem, S. (2019). Understanding the unique impact of dimensions of ethical leadership on employee attitudes. Ethics & Behavior, 29(7), 572–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2019.1580582

Kim, N. Y., & Miller, G. (2008). Perceptions of the Ethical Climate in the Korean Tourism Industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9604-0

Kloutsiniotis, P. V., & Mihail, D. M. (2020). The effects of high performance work systems in employees’ service-oriented OCB. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102610

Knani, M. (2014). Ethics in the Hospitality Industry: Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n3p1

Lantican, C. A. (2020). The Influence of Ethical Leadership on Employees’ Work-Related Stress and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from a Developing Country. Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development, 6(1), 15–31. https://carlanthony.lantican@fprdi.dost.gov.ph

Lawton, A., & Páez, I. (2014). Developing a Framework for Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(3), 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2244-2

Lemoine, G. J., Hartnell, C. A., & Leroy, H. (2019). Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 148–187. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0121

Li, C., & Bao, Y. (2020). Ethical leadership and positive work behaviors: a conditional process model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 35(3), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-10-2018-0475

Liu, N. C., & Lin, Y. T. (2019). High-performance work systems, management team flexibility, employee flexibility and service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(18), 3912–3949. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1651374

Ma, E., Hsiao, A., Gao, J., & Vada, S. (2020). Inspiring good soldiers cross-culturally through the lens of the theory of planned behavior—which works best, norms or behavioral control? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.014

Ma, E., Wang, D., Wang, L., & Liu, A. (2021). Industry as Contexts or Theory? A Systematic and Meta-Analysis of Status and Directions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in Hospitality. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 109634802110191. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211019104

Ma, E., Wang, Y. C., Xu, S. T., & Wang, D. (2022). Clarifying the multi-order multidimensional structure of organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-cultural validation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 50, 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.12.008

Ma, E., Zhang, Y., Xu, F. Z., Wang, D., & Kim, M. S. (2021). Feeling empowered and doing good? A psychological mechanism of empowerment, self-esteem, perceived trust, and OCBs. Tourism Management, 87, 104356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104356

Mayer, D. M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R. L., & Kuenzi, M. (2012). Who Displays Ethical Leadership, and Why Does It Matter? An Examination of Antecedents and Consequences of Ethical Leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.0276

McCabe, A. C., Ingram, R., & Dato-on, M. C. (2006). ‘The Business of Ethics and Gender.’ Journal of Business Ethics, 64(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3327-x

Menes, C. C., & Haguisan III, I. A. (2020). Ethical Climate, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment of Hotel Employees. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(3), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i3.131

Milon, L., & Shapira-Lishchinsky, O. (2021). Authentic leadership as a mediator between professional identity, ethical climate, citizenship behavior and political behavior. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(4), 741–753. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-06-2020-0295

Min, H. K., Park, J., & Hu, Y. (2020). Toward understanding the attitude measurements in hospitality research. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102567

Myra, & Jerwin. (2020). Ethical Leadership of Supervisors and Internal Social Capital in a Financial Institution. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, VIII(Issue 2), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/462

Myung, E. (2017). Progress in Hospitality Ethics Research: A Review and Implications for Future Research. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 19(1), 26–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2017.1305309

Nasurdin, A. M., Ahmad, N. H., & Tan, C. L. (2014). Cultivating service-oriented citizenship behavior among hotel employees: the instrumental roles of training and compensation. Service Business, 9(2), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-014-0230-5

Nazarian, A., Atkinson, P., Foroudi, P., & Edirisinghe, D. (2020). Leaders or organisations? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2055–2074. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2019-0463

Neubert, M. J., Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Roberts, J. A., & Chonko, L. B. (2009). The Virtuous Influence of Ethical Leadership Behavior: Evidence from the Field. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0037-9

Newman, A., Round, H., Bhattacharya, S., & Roy, A. (2017). Ethical Climates in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(4), 475–512. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2017.23

Nicolaides, A. (2019). Ethical leadership in a morally driven hospitality organisational culture. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure., 8(5), 2223-814X. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267812907.pdf

Ocampo, L. A., Tan, T. A. G., & Sia, L. A. (2018). Using fuzzy DEMATEL in modeling the causal relationships of the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in the hospitality industry: A case study in the Philippines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 34, 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.11.002

O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A Review of The Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-2929-7

Paek, S., & Chathoth, P. K. (2013). Multiple Levels of Ethics Management: A Case of Airline and Hotel Firms. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(4), 388–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2013.804430

Pinar, M., McCuddy, M. K., Birkan, I., & Kozak, M. (2011). Gender diversity in the hospitality industry: An empirical study in Turkey. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.06.007

Qin, Q., Wen, B., Ling, Q., Zhou, S., & Tong, M. (2014). How and when the effect of ethical leadership occurs? A multilevel analysis in the Chinese hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(6), 974–1001. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2013-0073

Ratnayaka, R., Kumara, P. S., & Silva, M. (2020). Impact of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Perceived Service Quality in Hotel Industry. Journal of the University of Ruhuna, 7(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.4038/jur.v7i1.7932

Resick, C. J., Martin, G. S., Keating, M. A., Dickson, M. W., Kwan, H. K., & Peng, C. (2011). What Ethical Leadership Means to Me: Asian, American, and European Perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3), 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0730-8

Schwepker, C. H., & Dimitriou, C. K. (2021). Using ethical leadership to reduce job stress and improve performance quality in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102860

Schwepker, C. H., & Hartline, M. D. (2005). Managing the Ethical Climate of Customer-Contact Service Employees. Journal of Service Research, 7(4), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670504273966

Shin, Y. (2012). CEO Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate, Climate Strength, and Collective Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 299–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1091-7

Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653

Sullivan, G. M., & Artino, A. R. (2013). Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-Type Scales. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 5(4), 541–542. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-5-4-18

Tahernejad, A., Seyed Ghorban, Z., Raja Ariffin, R. N., & Babaei, H. (2015). Ethical leadership and employee-organisational outcomes in the hotel industry. South African Journal of Business Management, 46(2), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v46i2.95

Teng, C. C., Hsu, S. M., Lai, H. S. H., & Chen, H. S. (2018). Exploring Ethical Incidents In The Taiwanese Hotel Industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 21(4), 422–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1511496

Tuan, L. T., & Ngan, V. T. (2021). Leading ethically to shape service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior among tourism salespersons: Dual mediation paths and moderating role of service role identity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, 102421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102421

Tuan, L. T., Rowley, C., Masli, E., Le, V., & Phuong Nhi, L. T. (2021). Nurturing service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior among tourism employees through leader humility. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.02.001

Turkan, K., Ozkan, S. A., & Kucukkelepce, D. (2018). Determining the Ethical Climate Perceptions of Nurses’ and Midwives’ in an Obstetrics and Pediatric Hospital. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(2), 1006–1013. http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/

Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392857

Warmbrod, J. R. (2014). Reporting and Interpreting Scores Derived from Likert-type Scales. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(5), 30–47. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.05030

Weber, J., & Opoku-Dakwa, A. (2021). Ethical Work Climate 2.0: A Normative Reformulation of Victor and Cullen’s 1988 Framework. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04778-4

Wood, B. P., Eid, R., & Agag, G. (2021). A multilevel investigation of the link between ethical leadership behaviour and employees green behaviour in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97, 102993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102993

Yan, H., Hu, X., & Wu, C. H. (2021). When and how can organizational punishment stop unethical pro-organizational behaviors in hospitality? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102811

Zhu, W., Zheng, X., He, H., Wang, G., & Zhang, X. (2017). Ethical Leadership with Both “Moral Person” and “Moral Manager” Aspects: Scale Development and Cross-Cultural Validation. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(2), 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3740-y

Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, P., & Guerra-Baez, R. (2014). Exploring the Influence of Ethical Climate on Employee Compassion in the Hospitality Industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(3), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2415-1

Downloads

Published

2023-05-31

Issue

Section

Articles
Abstract 691  .
PDF downloaded 570  .