STRATEGIES APPLIED IN TRANSLATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TERMS IN MANUAL BOOKS: IPHONE 12 PRO AND SAMSUNG S20 FE

The research focused on the translation of technological terms in iPhone 12 Pro and Samsung S20 FE manual books from English into Indonesian. The research applied a descriptive qualitative approach. The Chesterman’s translation strategies were used to find out how Information Technology (IT) terms were translated from English into Indonesian. The research finds that four translation strategies are used to translate the manual book of the iPhone 12 Pro and Samsung S20 FE from English into Indonesian. From the total of 60 data, the four strategies are loan (35 data), calque (11 data), unit shift (13 data), and the least used strategies are information change (1 data). It can be concluded that the most frequently used strategies are loan (35 data), while the least used strategies are information change (1 data).


INTRODUCTION
The era of the 21 st century is often regarded as an era of technology (Raja & Nagasubramani, 2018). Information Technology (IT) plays a vital role in many aspects of people's life. It changes and eases people's life today and is the thing cannot survive without. The impact of technology can be felt in every possible field, from education, economy, to communication. People use many information technology (IT) products in doing day-to-day tasks. Technology from its various products changes how people communicate, work, eat, learn, entertain, and many more. Nowadays, someone can text from cell phones, connect on social media, take a picture easily with a digital camera, print a document in just one click, or turn on or turn off our bedroom lamp with a remote. Technology products let people find more efficient, faster, and more convenient ways of doing the same thing. Many technological products are being created day by day.
In order to be able to use the new technological products, people need to read manual books. A manual book is a document which is containing information or instructions about a product. Kustanti and Agoes (2017) have stated that people usually read and try to understand the manual book first before using the new object so that they know the steps for using it correctly. To be concluded, reading a manual book is considered ing necessary. Additionally, Kustanti and Agoes (2017) have also stated that the manual book is an important part of every product. It provides instructions and safety information about the products for the users' convenience.
However, since technological products come and are produced from other countries, the manual books are not written in Indonesia. It is commonly written in English. The difficulty occurs because IT is a new field that brings its own terminologies. According to Multazim and Nurdin (2019), the emergence of technological innovation influences linguistic occurrence in making new terminologies as needed to form words. It can also be difficult for the translator to find the equivalence word, as Ardhinie (2017) has stated that in translating, the translator will find difficulties in looking for the equivalents in the target language. The problem of developing and defining IT terminologies is still an issue yet to be solved. The English origin of the terms effects how Indonesian's information technology isis established. Therefore, the researcher is eager to find out how IT terms are translated from English into Indonesian. Translation strategies coined by Chesterman as cited in Gitawati and Said (2014) are used in this research. He has classified translation strategies into three main groups, namely syntactic strategies, semantic strategies, and pragmatic strategies.
Relevant research has been conducted by Saptaningsih (2018). This research aims to discuss the pattern of technical terms translation, focusing on translation technique and translation quality in Sunda Strait Daily News by Kompas.com. The translation techniques are analyzed based on Molina and Albir's theory, and the translation quality is analyzed by Nababan, Nuraeni, and Sumardiono's theory. The examination reveals three patterns used by eight translators in conveying the meaning of technical terms in disaster management. It also pinpoints the ways technical terms in disaster management translated from Indonesian to English.
The second relevant research is conducted by Kustanti and Agoes (2017). This research aims to find out the translation result of similar words and phrases used in source language among Android, iOS, and Windows mobile phones' manual books, and to find out the translation technique mostly used in translating the similar words and phrases of Android, iOS, and Windows mobile phones' manual books. The methods of this research are, first step, collecting the data. The next step is analyzing those data. The step in analyzing the data as to be seen as electing the data, reading the manual books, identifying the similar words and phrases at each part of the manual book, identifying the translation technique used in translating mobile phones' manual books, recording the similar words and phrases, and translating technique found into table form, and the last is the conclusion. The results show that there are 100 similar words and phrases found, and there are eight translation techniques used. They are adaptation, amplification, borrowing, calque, establish equivalent, discursive creation, generalization, and particularization. Furthermore, the most used is calque with the percentage 35% in Android, 41% in iOS, and 39% in Windows mobile phone's manual books.
The last relevant research is conducted by Noftariani (2019). This research aims to identify the cultural categories and the translation techniques in the novel entitled Origin by Dan Brown (Indonesian version). This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. Noftariani (2019) has Noftariani used some theories by Newmark; Molina and Albir; and Nida and Taber to analyze the data related to cultural terms and translation techniques. The results show that there are five kinds of cultural strategies, namely: (1) ecology, (2) material culture, (3) social culture, (4) organizations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, and (5) gestures and habits. While there are 16 types of translation techniques, namely: addition, adaptation, amplification, borrowing, compensation, description, deletion, discursive creation, established equivalence, generalization, literal, modulation, particularization, reduction, transposition, and variation.
The similarity from the three of previous research is that all researchers analyze the object, which has special terminology: (1) technical terminologies, (2) information technology (IT) terminologies, and (3) cultural terminologies. Whereas the differences among the three previous research are the research's objects: (1) Saptaningsih (2018) uses daily news as the research object, (2) Kustanti and Agoes (2017)  Related to the theory of translation strategies, Chesterman has classified translation strategies into three main groups, namely syntactic strategies, semantic strategies, and pragmatic strategies (Gitawati & Said, 2014). Syntactic strategies are primarily the manipulate form. Syntactic strategies are (1) literal translation, which is a translation strategy that is maximally close to the SL form, but grammatical, (2) loan or calque, is the borrowing of individual items and the borrowing of syntagma in the TL translation, (3) transposition is a translation strategy which includes aa change of word-class, e.g., from noun to verb, adjective to an adverb, (4) unit shift, is a shift that occurs when a source language unit is translated as a different unit in the target language, (5) phrase structure change which occurs when a source language (SL) phrase structure is translated as a different phrase structure in the target language (TL) without altering the meaning of the source text, (6) clause structure change is a change of clause into another form in the target text translation, (7) sentence structure change's definition is a change of sentence structure in the source text to target text translation. The included changes are changes of main-clause and sub-clause status, changes of sub-clause types, etc., (8) cohesion change is something that affects intra-textual reference, ellipsis, substitution, pronominalization, and repetition, or the use of connectors of various kinds, (9) level shift is a shifted from one level to another, and (10) scheme change which the kinds of changes that translators incorporate in the translation of rhetorical schemes, such as parallelism, repetition, alliteration, metrical rhythm, etc. There are four types of scheme changes that the translator can use: (1) ST scheme X → TT scheme X, (2) ST scheme X → TT scheme Y, (3) ST scheme X → TT scheme Ø, and (4) ST scheme Ø → TT scheme X.
Here are the description of semantic strategies: (1) synonymy, which selects not the 'obvious' equivalent but a synonym or near-synonym for it, e.g., to avoid repetition, (2) antonymy, in this strategy, the translator selects an antonym of the equivalent and combines it with a negation element, (3) hyponymy, which refers to the generalization using subordinators or the specification using hyponyms of the SL text in TT, (4) converses is defines as pairs of (usually) verbal structures, which express the same state of affairs from opposing viewpoints, (5) abstraction change which refers to abstraction change as a different selection of abstraction level may either move from abstract to more concrete or from concrete to more abstract, (6) distribution change means the distribution of the 'same' semantic components over more items (expansion) or fewer items (compression), (7) emphasis change, which refers to the strategy which adds to, reduces, or alters the emphasis or thematic focus, for one reason or another, (8) paraphrase, which described as loose, free, in some contexts even under-translated, (9) trope change which refers as a set of strategies that apply to the translation of rhetorical tropes such as figurative expressions.
Pragmatic strategies are the last translation strategies. It manipulates the message of the text. This group includes cultural filtering, explicitness change, information change, interpersonal change, illocutionary change, coherence change, partial translation, visibility change, trans-editing, and other pragmatic changes. (1) Cultural filtering, the translation of culturally specific terms into another cultural and or functional equivalents in the target text, (2) explicitness change, (3) information change means either the addition or omission of information that is regarded to be irrelevant, (4) interpersonal change strategy is a strategy which changes the level of the whole style of the text, for example, the formality level, (5) illocutionary change is the changes in the speech act, for example when the translator changes the mood of the verb from indicative to imperative, (6) partial translation, is the translation which covers any partial translation such as summary translation and transcription, (7) visibility change, is the translation strategy which is including the presence of the translator for example by adding footnotes or bracketed comments (to explain puns, for example), and (9) trans-editing is a strategy which is applied when the translator has to deal with poorly written original texts.
The researchers expect this research would give some benefits for the readers. It is expected that this research could give the knowledge how Information Technology (IT) terms are translated from English into Indonesian. Furthermore, the other benefits, the researcher also hopes it can be used as a reference for other researchers in conducting research relating to the translation of Information Technology (IT) terms.

METHODS
This research is conducted in a descriptive qualitative approach. Qualitative is used because this research does not include any calculation or numeration. The datum in this research is produced in the form of words. Further, according to Semiawan, as cited in Alyfia and Setiarini (2020), qualitative is usually in the form of words or text. This research is intended to find out the translation strategies of Information Technology (IT) terms in the manual book. The data sources that have been chosen by the researcher are (1) manual books of iPhone 12 Pro (Apple Inc., 2020) and (2) manual books of Samsung S20FE (Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 2020). Those objects are chosen because Samsung and Apple are the top two mobile phone manufacturers in the world. Additionally, iPhone 12 pro and Samsung S20 FE are chosen because it is the lastest product of the phone cells of Apple and Samsung in 2020.
In selecting the data to be analyzed, the researchers use the purposive sampling technique. This technique is used to select which data is in accordance with the research objectives so that it can be selected and sampled. The researchers are leaving the data that is not in accordance with the purpose of the research. In analyzing the data, it is chosen randomly as each of them has an equal chance to be analyzed. The data from this research are collected from the text in the user manual book of iPhone 12 Pro (Apple Inc., 2020) and Samsung S20 FE (Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 2020). The researchers read all the manual books and their translations thoroughly, then collect words, phrases, and clauses related to Information Technology (IT) terms. In the next step, the researchers classify and identify the data referring to Chesterman's translation strategy cited in Gitawati and Said (2014). It classifies translation strategy into three main groups: syntactic strategies, semantic strategies, and pragmatic strategies (Gitawati & Said, 2014).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Chesterman has classified translation strategies into three main groups, namely syntactic strategies (literal, loan, calque, transposition, unit shift, phrase structure change, clause structure change, sentence structure change, cohesion change, level shift, scheme change), semantic strategies (synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, converses, abstraction change, emphasis change, paraphrase, trope change), and pragmatic strategies (cultural filtering, explicitness change, information change, interpersonal change, illocutionary change). The research findings from the total 60 data show only four translation strategies in the manual book of iPhone 12 Pro (Apple Inc., 2020) and Samsung S20 FE (Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 2020); they are loan, calque, unit shift, and information change. The frequencies of the translation strategies are shown in Table 1. There are 60 total data found in the manual book of iPhone 12 Pro and Samsung S20 FEiPhone 12Pro and Manual Book of Samsung S20FE. The manual book of the iPhone 12Pro contains 10 data, and the manual book of Samsung S20FE contains 50 data. From Table 1, it can be seen that from 60 data found, there are 35 occurrences of translation strategy loan, 11 data for strategy calque, 13 data for strategy unit shift, and 1 data belongs to information change. Some of the discussion analysis are shown in Table 2.

Source Text
Target Text: Loan Selfie colour tone: Set a tone to apply when you take selfies.
In Datum 1 (Loan), the word 'selfie' in English is translated into 'selfie' in Indonesia. According to the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries OnlineOnline Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 'selfie' means a photo of yourself that you take, typically with a smartphone or webcam, and usually put in your social media. The word 'selfie' is a loan word in the Indonesian target text. The equivalent word of 'selfie' in Indonesian is 'swafoto'. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Online, 'swafoto' is potret diri yang diambil sendiri dengan menggunakan kamera ponsel atau kamera digital, biasanya untuk diunggah ke media sosial. The definition of 'selfie' in Oxford Learner's Dictionaries Online Online Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and 'swafoto' in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Online is similar.

Source Text
Target Text: Loan The device contains a built-in NFC antenna.

Perangkat mengandung antenna NFC internal
In Datum 2 (Loan), the English source text 'NFC', according to the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries Online, is an abbreviation that stands for Near Field Communication (NFC). It is a type of technology that allows communication over short distances between mobile phones and other electronic devices in order to make payments. In Table 3, the word 'NFC' in the Indonesian target text is a loan word,s which delivers from English 'NFC'.

In Datum 3 (Loan), The Oxford Learner's Dictionaries Online Online Oxford Advanced
Learner's Dictionary defines USB as an abbreviation for Universal Serial Bus. It is the system for connecting other pieces of equipment to a computer. It is translated into 'USB' in Indonesian target text and kind of loan words derived from English 'USB'. In Datum 4 (Calque), the English word 'battery' is translated into 'baterai' in the Ithe Indonesian target text. According to the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries OnlineOnline Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 'battery' is a device that is placed inside of electrical things that produce electricity, which makes the things work. While Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Online defines baterai as alat untuk menghitung dan membangkitkan aliran listrik. Baterai is an Indonesian calque word since its part of the word is from another language (English). In Datum 5 (Calque), the English word 'application' is translated into Indonesian 'aplikasi'. According to the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries OnlineOnline Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 'application' can be abbreviated as the app designed to do a particular job, a piece of software. It is translated into 'aplikasi' in Indonesia by conforming to its pronunciation and grammatical norms. In Datum 6 (Unit Shift), the English source text 'wireless' is translated into 'tanpa kabel' in the Indonesian target text. According to the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries Online, Online Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionwireless is any system of sending electronic information, such as internet, phone, signals without using wires for the receiving equipment. It is translated correctly into 'tanpa kabel' in Indonesian. Hence, there is a change of unit form of word 'wireless' into the phrase 'tanpa kabel'. This translation is called unit shift. In Datum 7 (Information Change), according to the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries OnlineOnline Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 'roaming' uses a mobile phone by connecting to a different company's network, for example, when you are in a different country. The word 'roaming' is translated into 'mode jelajah (roaming)' in the Indonesian target text. There is additional information in the Indonesian target text 'mode jelajah'; thus, this translation is called information change.
Hence, based on the previous researches, it is proved that borrowing (loan and calque) is mainly used in translating particular terminologies. It occurs because terminologies have their own vocabulary. Furthermore, Noftariani (2019) has also stated that the translator often borrows the words from the source text to the target text to make the translation more acceptable and easy to understand. In her research, she also states that borrowing (loan and calque) is the easiest translation technique. The translator does not need to find deep equivalence meaning using other words in the target text.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the data analysis, the research shows that from 30, all strategies proposed by Chesterman cited in Gitawati and Said (2014). From the loan as syntactic strategies to other pragmatic strategies, four strategies are used in the translation of Information Technology (IT) terms on iPhone 12 Pro's manual book and Samsung S20 FE's manual book. The four strategies are 35 data of loan, 11 data of calque, 13 data of unit shift, and 1 data belongs to information change. The most frequently used strategy is a loan, and the least used strategy is information change. Information Technology (IT) terms found in the iPhone 12 Pro's manual book and Samsung S20 FE's manual book are translated by manipulating the form with syntactic strategies. Syntactic strategies are functional in bringing changes in the target language structure of the target language.